Federalist Papers (version 2)

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Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison 1788
English
  • General Introduction
  • Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • Concerning Dangers From Dissensions Between the States
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
  • The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Utility of a Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
  • The Utility of a Union in Respect to Revenue
  • Advantage of a Union in Respect to Economy in Government
  • Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered
  • The Insufficiency of the Present Confederacy to Preserve the Union
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • Other Defects of t he Present Confederation
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
  • The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Respect to the Common Defense, Considered
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • Concerning the Militia
  • Concerning the General Power of Taxation
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising the Proper Form of Government
  • The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
  • The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
  • On the Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government, Examined and Sustained
  • General View of the Powers Conferred By the Constitution
  • The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • Restrictions on the Authorities of the Several States
  • The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments
  • The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
  • The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
  • These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated As To Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
  • Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department By Appealing to the People Through a Convention
  • Periodical Appeals to the People Considered
  • The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
  • The House of Representatives
  • The House of Representatives, Continued
  • The Apportionment of Members Among the States
  • The Total Number of the House of Representatives
  • The Total Number of the House of Representatives, continued
  • The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
  • Objection That the Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands
  • Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Same Subject Continued
  • The Senate
  • The Senate Continued
  • The Powers of the Senate
  • The Powers of the Senate Continued
  • The Power of the Senate to Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
  • The Executive Department
  • The Mode of Electing the President
  • The Real Character of the Executive
  • The Executive Department Further Considered
  • The Duration in Office of the Executive
  • The Same Subject Continued, and the Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
  • The Provision for the Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
  • The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
  • The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive
  • The Appointing Power of the Executive
  • The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
  • The Judiciary Department
  • The Judiciary Continued
  • The Powers of the Judiciary
  • The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
  • The Judiciary Continued
  • The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial By Jury
  • The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial By Jury
  • Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered
  • Concluding Remarks
“The Federalist Papers” are a collection of 85 linked essays that explain the construction of the U.S. government and why it was built that way. The Papers are regarded as the best pipeline into understanding the U.S. Constitution and the founding principles of the government it would establish.

I have endeavored here to present these essays, not as articles in a newspaper, but as you might have experienced them if you had sat in a comfortable tavern with a tankard in hand, and listened while these ardent men ranged in front of a friendly fireplace as they attempted to convince you of their arguments.

Following the Revolutionary War, the newly-independent United States of America were organized under the Articles of Confederation. This well-intentioned document was faulty to the purpose, and the new nation rapidly found itself in dire financial distress.

Consequently, in 1787 a Constitutional Convention was called to produce a new blueprint for the government. After completion, that plan was sent to the States in September of that year for ratification, but it immediately came under fire for the powers it granted to the central government.

In New York, views on either side were heated. To persuade the public to support the Constitution for ratification, Alexander Hamilton (who had been a delegate to the Convention) and John Jay (who had helped negotiate the treaty with Great Britain that ended the War), began a series of anonymous essays to educate the citizenry in how the government would be arranged, and why those choices had been made. Later, when Jay was rendered unable to continue by an attack of rheumatism, Virginian James Madison (another Convention delegate who was in New York, serving in the Confederation Congress) was recruited to fill in.

Each wrote essays that were signed “Publius,” the name of a general who had helped to found Rome, to conceal their identities, which might have led to difficulties as Hamilton and Madison had been inside the deliberations at the Convention. These essays were published serially in New York newspapers, eventually reaching the total of 85. (Summary by Mark Smith)

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